In the period from January 1920 to December 1921 a cooperation between Jessie Fauset, Augustus Dill and W.E.B. Du Bois resulted in the publication of a periodical called “The Brownies’ Book” the first publication for North American black, and not white children and young people. The creation of “The Brownies' Book” was a pioneering event in African American literature in general and, more specifically, in the field of African American children's literature, as it was the first periodical composed and published (...) by African Americans for black children who, until then, searched in vain for material that included a perspective on their experience and history. This article argues that the TBBs were one of the harbingers of the movement called the Harlem Renaissance, constituting a children's literary materialization of the path towards the emergence of what the philosopher Alain Locke called the New Negro. What was being formulated was both the deconstruction of stereotypes associated with blacks and the active projection/creation of a positive identification with their local and ancestral community. This paper seeks to identify the post-WWI discursive strategies and practices of de-racialization proposed for “the children of the sun”, as W.E.B. Du Bois called them, in order to stop seeing themselves “through the eyes of others”. (shrink)

In a recent paper by Casasanto and Pitt (2019), the authors addressed a debate regarding the role of order and magnitude in SNARC and SNARC‐like effects. Their position is that all these effects can be explained by order, while magnitude could only account for a subset of evidence. Although we agree that order can probably explain the majority of these effects, in this commentary we argue that magnitude is still relevant, since there is evidence that cannot be explained based on (...) ordinality alone. We argue that SNARC‐like effects can occur for magnitudes not clearly characterized by overlearned ordinality and that magnitude can prevail on order, when the two are pitted against each other. Finally, we propose that different interpretations of the role of order and magnitude depend on the interaction of stimulus properties and task demands. (shrink)

The current paradigm of mental health has fallen short in its promises to deliver better care and quality of life for those who lives with mental illness. Recent works have expressed the need for more comprehensive frameworks of research, in which phenomenology emerges as a fundamental tool for a new wave interdisciplinary studies with the humanities. In line with this project, this article hopes to explore the relation between education and phenomenologically oriented psychotherapy, through the work of Brazilian educator Paulo (...) Freire. First, we will briefly expose Freire’s biography and main ideas (such as the “banking model of education” and the creation of “culture circles”), showing how they can be useful during the clinical encounter. We will also highlight the importance of dialogical psychotherapy during situations of injustice and oppression. Finally, we will provide some insights that can help build a new paradigm of mental health that is based on a “praxis of freedom”, whether in research or clinical practice. We call this proposal a “Psychotherapy of the Oppressed”. (shrink)

Non-recent (historic) childhood sexual abuse is an important issue to research, though often regarded as taboo and frequently met with caution, avoidance or even opposition from research ethics committees. Sensitive research, such as that which asks victim-survivors to recount experiences of abuse or harm, has the propensity to be emotionally challenging for both the participant and the researcher. However, most research suggests that any distress experienced is usually momentary and not of any clinical significance. Moreover, this type of research offers (...) a platform for voices which have often been silenced, and many participants report the cathartic effect of recounting their experiences in a safe, non-judgemental space. With regard to the course of such research, lines of inquiry which ask adult participants to discuss their experiences of childhood sexual abuse may result in a first-time disclosure of that abuse by the victim-survivor to the researcher. Guidance about how researchers should respond to first-time disclosure is lacking. In this article, we discuss our response to one research ethics committee which had suggested that for a qualitative study for which we were seeking ethical approval (investigating experiences of pregnancy and childbirth having previously survived childhood sexual abuse), any disclosure of non-recent (historic) childhood sexual abuse which had not been previously reported would result in the researcher being obliged to report it to relevant authorities. We assess this to be inconsistent with both law and professional guidance in the United Kingdom; and provide information and recommendations for researchers and research ethics committees to consider. (shrink)

Entre a morte de Teofrasto (287 a.C) e a invasão de Atenas pelos romanos, os escritos de Aristóteles saíram de circulação e assim permaneceram por mais de dois séculos, até serem editados por Andrônico de Rodes, em torno do ano 40 a.C. No que diz respeito à transmissão dos escritos de Aristóteles, as fontes históricas se resumem a duas passagens: uma de Estrabão; e a outra de Plutarco. No entanto, para podermos aprofundar a análise da história da transmissão dos livros (...) de Aristóteles cabe decompô-la em três fases. A fase inicial tem curso quando Aristóteles em seu testamento lega sua biblioteca a Teofrasto. Este por sua vez, deixa com sua morte ‘todos os livros’ – os seus e também os de Aristóteles – a Neleu, que os levou para sua cidade natal, Escepsis, situada na Tróade. A fase intermediária tem lugar quando os herdeiros de Neleu resolveram guardar para si os inestimáveis manuscritos, enterrando-os por temerem que os Atálidas deles se apossassem. Assim ocultos, permaneceram por quase duzentos anos, sofrendo a ação destrutiva da umidade e do mofo, até serem adquirido pelo bibliófilo Apelicon de Teos, em torno do ano 90 D.C., que os transportou para Atenas. A última etapa da transmissão começa com a observação de que seus livros não ficaram por muito tempo em Atenas, uma vez que em 86 a.C., Sila invadiu esta cidade e, entre outras coisas, confiscou os livros que se encontravam na casa de Apelicon e sob suas ordens foram transportados para Roma, onde foram postos sob custódia de uma biblioteca pública, sobre os quais o público não tinha acesso. (shrink)

Ao romper com as bases de representação do imaginário nacional que conferiam sentido simbólico e ideológico à MPB, o rap torna a dissolução do horizonte cultural que orientava parte da sociedade brasileira seu ponto de partida. Aquilo que para MPB representou uma crise profunda - a ponto do compositor Chico Buarque afirmar que o modelo de canção que a sua geração havia consolidado provavelmente teria chegado ao fim –, é o ponto de partida do rap nacional. Dessa maneira, o rap (...) consegue transfigurar em matéria formal aquilo que o Brasil havia efetivamente assumido enquanto projeto político: um verdadeiro campo de extermínio a céu aberto, que tem como aspecto decisivo a produção e a gestão da violência. O presente artigo é uma tentativa de acompanhar os desdobramentos desse modelo de sobrevivência periférico desde sua consolidação até seus mais recentes desdobramentos. (shrink)

ABSTRACTUnmarried and childless women are frequently portrayed negatively in society. Social storytelling often renders them discriminated against, or in extreme cases, outcast by their kin or clan. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with never married women to explore the concept of femininity, constructions of identity in daily-life, identity changes over time, marital status, and the interaction between having not married and womanhood. Data specifically relating to self-definitions of femininity and marital status concentrate on the speakers’ constructions of themselves as both (...) the subject and the object of their own reflective enquiry. Four key themes emerged through the analysis: ‘Being Never Married’; ‘Society’s Perceptions’; ‘Being Feminine’; and ‘The Self and Transitions’. This study facilitates understanding of never married women’s relationship with themselves, their gender identity, and marital status; and is key to understanding how this population discusses their marginalisation in society. (shrink)

MAHAN, Asa. Obligation Predicable Only of the Will. In: MAHAN, Asa. Doctrine of the Will. Oberlin: J. M. Fitch, 1847. p 124-136.

Quais os limites da contribuição da hermenêutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer aos estudos arqueológicos? Tal questão, aparentemente marginal e de somenos, pois suscitada pela sua aplicabilidade em outra área de conhecimento, toca, segundo nos parece, as esferas fundamentais da realização da linguisticidade (textualidade, escrita, oralidade, corporeidade e arte) e conduz a uma reflexão sobre o estatuto do vestígio (ou rastro), tema que parece mostrar certos entraves em sua proposta filosófica. Uma análise sobre a abordagem gadameriana de vestígio mostra que tal conceito (...) é submetido à ordem da textualidade, o que implica que a produtividade de sentido advinda da materialidade possua um caráter secundário. Em vista disso, o presente artigo aventa a hipótese de que a tese gadamariana sobre a linguisticidade não é imediatamente ajustável à arqueologia oriunda da cultura material e conclui sugerindo que o vestígio possui um caráter pré-reflexivo que ultrapassa os limites da textualidade. (shrink)

Resumo: A salvaguarda do ser na verdade é uma expressão empregada por Martin Heidegger no período conhecido como hermenêutica da facticidade. Apesar de referências e análises ocasionais, que pontualmente a desenvolvem em vista de outros assuntos, tal temática é, de modo geral, pouco desenvolvida por parte da literatura secundária. O artigo sugere que a explicitação do termo salvaguarda e conceitos correlatos não é apenas uma tarefa ineludível, em vista de sua constância na trajetória intelectual de Heidegger, mas que ela toca (...) no cerne da questão do sentido do ser. A análise inicia com um exame da salvaguarda do ser a partir do Informe Natorp para, em seguida, apontar continuidades, quebras e reformulações em relação ao tratamento do tema da guarda em obras da década de 1930. Palavras-chave: Facticidade. Pluralismo ontológico. Afinação fundamental. Maquinação. Acontecimento-apropriador. (shrink)

:This paper explores the foundations of the theory of exploitation as the unequal exchange of labour. The key intuitions behind all of the main approaches to UEL exploitation are explicitly analysed as a series of formal axioms in a general economic environment. Then, a single domain condition calledLabour Exploitationis formulated, which summarizes the foundations of UEL exploitation theory, defines the basic domain of all UEL exploitation forms, and identifies the formal and theoretical framework for the analysis of the appropriate definition (...) of exploitation. (shrink)

A critical survey of the main philosophical theories about events and event talk, organized in three main sections: (i) Events and Other Categories (Events vs. Objects; Events vs. Facts; Events vs. Properties; Events vs. Times); (ii) Types of Events (Activities, Accomplishments, Achievements, and States; Static and Dynamic Events; Actions and Bodily Movements; Mental and Physical Events; Negative Events); (iii) Existence, Identity, and Indeterminacy.

This book concerns the soul/body problem in Plato and Aristotle. Established as well as early career scholars actually working on Plato and Aristotle explore - under different points of view as well as through original readings and interpretations - the manifold dimensions involved in the conception of the soul/body relation articulated by the two greatest founders of Western Thought. The book starts with an exploration of the relation between cause and matter in Plato and Aristotle, then some papers on Plato's (...) theory of soul and body are presented, which involve new advancements in the research about Platonic epistemology, moral and political theory, metaphysics of mind, even about his religious and 'theological' view. Some papers on Aristotle's model follow, which are focused on his so-called "hylomorphism" as an alternative view to Plato's alleged "dualism": the ontology of the soul/body relation in Aristotle is explored, as well as the implications of this theoretical framework for his theory of knowledge, his moral theory, his cognitive psychology. Finally, two papers critically assess the philosophical connections between Aristotle's hylomorphism and its modern and contemporary Wirkungsgeschichte. (shrink)

Roberto Esposito is one of the most prolific and important exponents of contemporary Italian political theory.

Neste texto investigamos a compatibilidade entre o ceticismo de Oswaldo Porchat e outras duas ideias metafilosóficas gerais, a saber, o equilíbrio reflexivo e a visão de solução de problemas. Procuramos mostrar de que modo o ceticismo e as outras duas ideias são compatíveis e iluminam-se mutuamente, e sugerimos uma articulação entre elas. O equilíbrio reflexivo ajuda a compreender a relação de uma filosofia cética e pós-cética, primeiro, com a vida comum e, depois, com o domínio fenomênico. O enfoque de solução (...) de problemas é a perspectiva metafilosófica resgatada por Porchat em sua fase neopirrônica. Mostramos que, se na primeira fase do ceticismo porchatiano, o que está em equilíbrio com a vida comum ainda são teses filosóficas, na segunda fase o que se pretende que esteja em equilíbrio com o domínio fenomênico é outro tipo de unidade epistêmica — os problemas, nomeadamente, aqueles problemas filosóficos que sejam passíveis de retradução a esse domínio fenomênico e oriundos de uma dinâmica de certo tipo. Para levar a cabo a análise, é crucial investigar as noções de fenômeno e de objetividade em Porchat. O texto se encerra com considerações sobre o lugar do conhecimento científico na visão de Porchat. (shrink)

Se presenta un marco de referencia formal para describir y analizar los valores en la ciencia desde un punto de vista estructuralista. La noción de perspectiva de valor del Modelo de Interacción entre Ciencia y Valores de Lacey y Mariconda resulta útil como un punto de partida en sentido general, aunque la estructura de una perspectiva de valor se entiende aquí bajo una luz mucho más formal y “microscópica”. El referencial es desarrollado poco a poco, desde la noción general de (...) valor hasta la noción de juicio de valor, y desde el nivel individual hasta el colectivo. Se discuten algunos de sus aspectos estructurales, como la naturaleza interconectada y holística de la axiología científica. Se destaca el carácter de red de la propuesta presentada, y se muestra cómo ella podría arrojar luz sobre varios aspectos de la cinemática y de la dinámica de los valores en el conocimiento científico. Se hace la sugerencia de que un enfoque como el presentado acá podría proporcionar una fundamentación más substantiva para el “giro pragmático” de la metateoría estructuralista de la de que se dispone hasta el día de hoy. Se apuntan algunos problemas que todavía quedan abiertos y tareas futuras para el enfoque. (shrink)

Our purpose in the present work is to survey some of the formulations that the theme of networks has received in contemporary philosophy of science over a period spanning twelve decades, from the end of the 19th century up to the present time. The proposal advanced herein is to interpret the evolution of this theme in four stages: first, one that goes from a metaphor or expressive image to a notion aspiring at implementation, but still having a virtual character, in (...) the orthodox view of theories; second, a shift towards networks viewed as explicit, with the notion still having an enormous metaphorical power, as in Neurath and Quine; third, from this towards a concept amenable to implementation, as in Thagard, but still in search of an epistemological rationale, supposedly provided by BonJour and Dancy; and finally, as a notion fully endowed with a precise structuralist implementation, in the scope of the structuralist metatheory of Balzer-Moulines-Sneed. The interpretive framework adopted in this exercise in the history of philosophy of science is a modified version of Gerald Holton's thematic model, adapted to the history of philosophy instead of its original domain, the history of scientific ideas. In our version of the thematic model, we posit two main dimensions for the appraisal of any given philosophical concept, besides the thematic dimension: the metaphorical one and the dimension of its systematic implementation. (shrink)

According to a leading view, emotions such as admiration, contempt, pride, and shame are important vehicles of agential development. Through admiration and contempt, we establish models and countermodels against which to shape our character; through pride and shame, we get a sense of how we measure up to them. Critics of this view object that these emotions always deliver uncompromising evaluations: admiration casts people in a completely positive light, while contempt casts aspersion on them. Therefore, insofar as they lack the (...) capacity for nuance, these emotions are systematically unfitting and misleading. This paper discusses this objection as originally formulated by John Doris as well as Macalester Bell’s response. Drawing from research on emotional intentionality, it will be argued that Doris’ and Bell’s accounts are respectively misguided criticisms and inadequate defences of these emotions. Their mistake lies in an invalid transition from the claim that these emotions are intentionally directed towards persons to the claim that they deliver global evaluations of those towards whom they are directed. By rejecting this inference, it will be shown that these emotions can deliver nuanced and fitting evaluations in a way Doris’ objection overlooks and Bell’s response precludes us from articulating. (shrink)

This book by Roberto Esposito - a leading Italian political philosopher - is a highly original exploration of the relationship between human bodies and societies. The original function of law, even before it was codified, was to preserve peaceful cohabitation between people who were exposed to the risk of destructive conflict. Just as the human body's immune system protects the organism from deadly incursions by viruses and other threats, law also ensures the survival of the community in a life-threatening (...) situation. It protects and prolongs life. But the function of law as a form of immunization points to a more disturbing consideration. Like the individual body, the collective body can be immunized from the perceived danger only by allowing a little of what threatens it to enter its protective boundaries. This means that in order to escape the clutches of death, life is forced to incorporate within itself the lethal principle. Starting from this reflection on the nature of immunization, Esposito offers a wide-ranging analysis of contemporary biopolitics. Never more than at present has the demand for immunization come to characterize all aspects of our existence. The more we feel at risk of being infiltrated and infected by foreign elements, the more the life of the individual and society closes off within its protective boundaries, forcing us to choose between a self-destructive outcome and a more radical alternative based on a new conception of community. (shrink)

As the worlds of economics, politics, culture, and communications face a growing wave of globalization that will likely continue, ethical challenges for journalists have also gone global. I propose a clear division between ethics codes for media owners, the public, and professional journalists and present a set of considerations and specific rules applicable only to the last group. In this article I advocate a universal code of journalistic ethics but point out problems and warn against dangers that have made the (...) application of such codes difficult in the past. A universal code should consider the voluntary nature of such an endeavor, the cultural and economic differences in various journalistic traditions, and the problem of producing solutions acceptable to all involved. (shrink)